Section: 3H - The Crusades, the Inquisition, etc.
Number of quotes: 83
1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West
Roger Crowley
Book ID: 2 Page: 5
Section: 3H
In the 1123 years up to the spring of 1453 the city had been besieged some twenty-three times. It had fallen just once - not to the Arabs or the Bulgars but to the Christian knights of the Fourth Crusade in one of the most bizarre episodes in Christian history.
Quote ID: 2
Time Periods: 7
1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West
Roger Crowley
Book ID: 2 Page: 6
Section: 1A,3H
“The seat of the Roman Empire is Constantinople,” wrote George Trapezuntios, “and he who is and remains Emperor of the Romans is also the the Emperor of the whole earth,”…
They had come to conquer the Greek-speaking inhabitants of Constantinople, whom we now call the Byzantines, a word used in English in 1853, exactly four hundred years after the great siege. They were considered to be heirs to the Roman Empire and referred to themselves accordingly as Romans.
Quote ID: 3
Time Periods: 47
1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West
Roger Crowley
Book ID: 2 Page: 18
Section: 3H
A Russian visitor who witnessed an imperial coronation in 1391 was astonished by the slow-motion sumptuousness of the event: during this time, the cantors intoned a most beautiful and astonishing chant, surpassing understanding. The imperial cortege advanced so slowly that it took three hours from the great door to the platform bearing the throne. Twelve men-at-arms, covered with mail from head to foot, surrounded the Emperor. Before him marched two standard-bearers with black hair: the poles of their standards, their costume, and their headdress were red. Before these standard-bearers went heralds: their rods were plated with silver... Ascending the platform, the Emperor put on the imperial purple and the imperial diadem and the crenated crown ... Then the holy liturgy began. Who can describe the beauty of it all?
Quote ID: 5
Time Periods: 7
1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West
Roger Crowley
Book ID: 2 Page: 19
Section: 3A4C,3H
The Byzantines lived their spiritual life with an intensity hardly matched in the history of Christendom. The stability of the empire was at times threatened by the number of army officers who retired to monasteries, and theological issues were debated on the streets with a passion that led to riots.
Quote ID: 6
Time Periods: 7
1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West
Roger Crowley
Book ID: 2 Page: 65
Section: 3H
It is far better for a country to remain under the rule of Islam than to be governed by Christians who refuse to acknowledge the rights of the Catholic Church. Pope Gregory VII, 1073.Flee from the papists as you would from a snake and from the flames of a fire. St Mark Eugenicus, fifteenth-century Greek Orthodox theologian.
Quote ID: 8
Time Periods: 7
1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West
Roger Crowley
Book ID: 2 Page: 226
Section: 3H
It was three miles from the land walls to the heart of the city.
Quote ID: 11
Time Periods: 7
1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West
Roger Crowley
Book ID: 2 Page: 232
Section: 3H
Mehmet rode on, stopping to inspect particular landmarks along the way. According to legend, as he passed the serpent column of Delphi, he struck it with his mace and broke off the under jaw of one of the heads.
Quote ID: 12
Time Periods: 7
A History Of The Inquisition Of The Middle Ages Vol. I
Henry Charles Lea, LL.D.
Book ID: 9 Page: 4
Section: 2C,3H
The Church Militant was thus an army encamped on the soil of Christendom, with its outpost everywhere, subject to the most efficient discipline, animated with a common purpose, every soldier panoplied with inviolability and armed with the tremendous weapons which slew the soul. There was little that could not be dared or done by the commander of such a force, whose orders were listened to as oracles of God, from Portugal to Palestine and from Sicily to Iceland. “Princes,” says John of Salisbury, “derive their power from the Church, and are servants of the priesthood.” “The least of the priestly order is worthier than any king,” exclaims Honorius of Autun; “prince and people are subject to the clergy, which shines superior as the sun to the moon.” Innocent III. used a more spiritual metaphor when he declared that the priestly power was as superior to the secular as the soul of man was to his body; and he summed up his estimate of his own position by pronouncing himself to be the Vicar of Christ.
Quote ID: 119
Time Periods: 7
A History Of The Inquisition Of The Middle Ages Vol. I
Henry Charles Lea, LL.D.
Book ID: 9 Page: 34
Section: 2C,3H
The similar immunity attaching to ecclesiastical property gave rise to abuses equally flagrant. The cleric, whether plaintiff or defendant, was entitled in civil cases to be heard before the spiritual courts, which were naturally partial in his favor, even when not venal, so that justice was scarce to be obtained by the laity.
Quote ID: 120
Time Periods: 7
A History Of The Inquisition Of The Middle Ages Vol. I
Henry Charles Lea, LL.D.
Book ID: 9 Page: 136
Section: 3H
Innocent was consecrated February 22, 1198, and already by April 1st we find him writing to the Archbishop of Ausch, deploring the spread of heresy and the danger of its becoming universal.
Quote ID: 121
Time Periods: 7
A History Of The Inquisition Of The Middle Ages Vol. I
Henry Charles Lea, LL.D.
Book ID: 9 Page: 234
Section: 3H
Dominic and Francis, Bonaventura and Thomas Aquinas, Innocent III. and St. Louis, were types, in their several ways, of which humanity, in any age, might well feel proud, and yet they were as unsparing of the heretic as Ezzelin da Romano was of his enemies. With such men it was not hope of gain or lust of blood or pride of opinion or wanton exercise of power, but sense of duty, and they but represented what was universal public opinion from the thirteenth to the seventeenth century.
Quote ID: 125
Time Periods: 7
A History Of The Inquisition Of The Middle Ages Vol. I
Henry Charles Lea, LL.D.
Book ID: 9 Page: 305
Section: 3H
The triumph of force had increased the responsibility of the Church, while the imperfection of its means of discharging that responsibility was self-confessed in the enormous spread of heresy during the twelfth century.
Quote ID: 126
Time Periods: 7
A History Of The Inquisition Of The Middle Ages Vol. II
Henry Charles Lea, LL. D
Book ID: 8 Page: 468/469/470
Section: 3H
it was a recognized principle of the Church that faith and oaths pledged to heretics were void. It has also been seen how the efforts of the popes procured the insertion in the public law of Europe of the principle that suspicion of heresy in the lord released the vassal from the most binding engagement known to the Middle Ages – the oath of allegiance (Lib. v. Extra, VII. xiii. symbol 3). When thus the basis on which society itself was founded was destroyed by heresy all minor pledges were necessarily invalidated.. . . .
When, in 1469, Paul II. again declared George a heretic he pronounced that each and every obligation, promise, and oath made to that heretic was null and void, for faith was not to be kept with him who kept not faith with God.
. . . .
The system of the mediaeval Church so completely confused the ideas of right and wrong that the ordinary notions of morality were superseded.
. . . .
the sin of perjury was one for which the popes were accustomed to grant efficacious pardons when it was committed in their interest.
Quote ID: 114
Time Periods: 7
A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages: Its Organization and Operation
Henry Charles Lea, LL. D
Book ID: 237 Page: 5
Section: 3H
During the troubles which followed the division of the empire, as the feudal system arose on the ruins of the monarchy, gradually the bishops threw off not only dependence on the crown, but acquired extensive rights and powers in the administration of the canon law, which now no longer depended on the civil or municipal law, but assumed to be its superior. Thus came to be founded the spiritual courts which were attached to every episcopate and which exercised exclusive jurisdiction over a constantly widening field of jurisprudence. Of course all errors of faith necessarily came within their purview.
Quote ID: 5928
Time Periods: 7
A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages: Its Organization and Operation
Henry Charles Lea, LL. D
Book ID: 237 Page: 10
Section: 3H
This utterance of the supreme council of Christendom was as ineffectual as its predecessors. An occasional earnest fanatics was found, like Foulques of Toulouse or Henry of Strassburg, who labored vigorously in the suppression of the heresy, but for the most part the prelates were as negligent as ever.
Quote ID: 5932
Time Periods: 7
A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages: Its Organization and Operation
Henry Charles Lea, LL. D
Book ID: 237 Page: 19
Section: 3H
Finally, they were incorporated in the latest additions to the Corpus Juris as part of the canon law itself, and, technically speaking, they may be regarded as in force to the present day.
Quote ID: 5935
Time Periods: 7
A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages: Its Organization and Operation
Henry Charles Lea, LL. D
Book ID: 237 Page: 20
Section: 3H
In Rome, in 1231, Gregory IX drew up a series of regulations which was issued by the Senator Annibaldo in the name of the Roman people. Under this, the senator was bound to capture all who were designated to him as heretics, whether by inquisitors appointed by the Church or other good Catholics, and to punish them within eight days after condemnation. Of their confiscated property one third went to the detector, one third to the senator, and one third to repairing the city walls. Any house in which a heretic was received was to be destroyed, and converted forever into a receptacle of filth.
Quote ID: 5938
Time Periods: 7
A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages: Its Organization and Operation
Henry Charles Lea, LL. D
Book ID: 237 Page: 21
Section: 3H
Not satisfied with the local enforcement of these regulations, Gregory sent them to the archbishops and princes throughout Europe, with orders to put them in execution in their respective territories, and for some time they formed the basis of inquisitorial proceedings.
Quote ID: 5939
Time Periods: 7
A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages: Its Organization and Operation
Henry Charles Lea, LL. D
Book ID: 237 Page: 65
Section: 3H
The organization of the Inquisition was simple, yet effective. It did not care to impress the minds of men with magnificence, but rather to paralyze them with terror.….
Every detail in the Inquisition was intended for work and not for show.
Quote ID: 5941
Time Periods: 7
A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages: Its Organization and Operation
Henry Charles Lea, LL. D
Book ID: 237 Page: 81
Section: 3H
The oath of obedience which the inquisitor was empowered and directed to exact of all holding official station was no mere form. Refusal to take it was visited with excommunication, leading to prosecution for heresy in case of obduracy, and humiliating penance on submission.
Quote ID: 5943
Time Periods: 7
A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages: Its Organization and Operation
Henry Charles Lea, LL. D
Book ID: 237 Page: 84
Section: 3H
As the inquisitors from the beginning were chosen rather with regard to zeal than learning, and as they maintained a reputation for ignorance, it was soon found requisite to associate with them in the rendering of sentences men versed in the civil and canon law.
Quote ID: 5945
Time Periods: 7
A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages: Its Organization and Operation
Henry Charles Lea, LL. D
Book ID: 237 Page: 95
Section: 3H
The procedure of the episcopal courts, as described in a former chapter, was based on the principles of the Roman law, and whatever may have been its abuses in practice, it was equitable in theory, and its processes were limited by strictly defined rules. In the Inquisition all this was changed.….
As a judge, he was vindicating the faith and avenging God for the wrongs inflicted on him by misbelief. He was more than a judge, however, he was a father-confessor striving for the salvation of the wretched souls perversely bent on perdition. In both capacities he acted with an authority far higher than that of an earthy judge. If his sacred mission was accomplished, it mattered little what methods were used.
Quote ID: 5947
Time Periods: 7
A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages: Its Organization and Operation
Henry Charles Lea, LL. D
Book ID: 237 Page: 121
Section: 3H
One of the most shocking abuses of the system, the torture of witnesses, was left to the sole discretion of the inquisitor, and this became the accepted rule.
Quote ID: 5957
Time Periods: 7
Black Death, The
Philip Ziegler
Book ID: 381 Page: 76
Section: 3H,3A2A
For it took considerable moral courage to stand up for the Jews in 1348 and 1349 and not many people were prepared to take the risk.….
Balavignus, a Jewish physician, was the first to be racked. ‘After much hesitation’, he confessed that the Rabbi Jacob of Toledo had sent him, by hand of a Jewish boy, a leather pouch filled with red and black powder and concealed in the mummy of an egg. This powder he was ordered, on pain of excommunication, to throw into the larger wells of Thonon. He did so, having previously warned his friends and relations not to drink the water. ‘He also declared that none of his community could exculpate themselves from this accusation, as the plot was communicated to all and all were guilty of the above charges.’ Odd scraps of ‘evidence’ were produced, such as a rag found in a well in which it was alleged that the powder, composed largely of ground-up portions of a basilisk, had been concealed. Ten similar confessions were racked from other unfortunates and the resulting dossier sent to neighboring cities for their information and appropriate action.
Quote ID: 8284
Time Periods: 7
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 6
Section: 3H
...then play into the belief that the millennium lying between antiquity and Renaissance was an unrelieved nightmare.
Quote ID: 6535
Time Periods: 01234567
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 6
Section: 3H
In this sense, the story of the Cathars is surpassingly medieval. The Albigensian Crusade, which lasted from 1209 to 1229, was launched by the most powerful pope of the Middle Ages, Innocent III, and initially prosecuted by a gifted warrior, Simon de Montfort, under the approving eye of Arnold Amaury.
Quote ID: 6536
Time Periods: 7
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 20
Section: 3H
On the paths and rivers of the Languedoc of 1150, there were not only traders and troubadours but also pairs of itinerant holy men, recognizable by the thin leather thong tied around the waist of their black robes. They entered villages and towns, set up shop, often as weavers, and became known for their honest, hard work. When the time came, they would talk–first, in the moonlight beyond the walls, then out in the open, before the fireplaces of noble and burgher, in the houses of tradespeople, near the stalls of the marketplace. They asked for nothing, no alms, no obeisance; just a hearing. Within a generation, these Cathar missionaries had converted thousands. Languedoc had become host to what would be called the Great Heresy.Pastor John notes: John’s note: Cathars early
Quote ID: 6541
Time Periods: 7
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 24
Section: 3H
The Catholic precept of ex opere operato, non ex opere operantis (grace results from what is performed, not who performs it), through which a sacrament remains valid no matter how corrupt its celebrant, was rejected out of hand by the Cathars. The consolamentum had to be immaculate.
Quote ID: 6543
Time Periods: 7
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 28
Section: 3H
Yet even these extreme instances of Church-baiting could be ascribed, charitably, to an excess of reformist zeal. Such was patently not the case with the Cathars. They stood aloof from orthodoxy, and, as soon became obvious, they did not stand alone.
Quote ID: 6544
Time Periods: 7
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 30
Section: 3H
In Cologne, Germany, in both 1143 and 1163, fires were lit under the feet of dualist believers, and a German monk who witnessed their torment labeled the unfortunates Cathars.
Quote ID: 6545
Time Periods: 7
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 42
Section: 3H
...reproached a Catholic knight for failing to punish heretics, the man replied, “We cannot. We have been reared in their midst. We have relatives among them and we see them living lives of perfection.” It was asking too much of anyone to hunt down his mother.
Quote ID: 6550
Time Periods: 7
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 53
Section: 3H
An Easter tradition called “strike the Jew,” whereby members of the Toulouse Jewish community would be batted around a public square by Christians, was ended in the middle of the twelfth century, after hefty payments had been made to count and capitouls. The clergy protested but the ban held.
Quote ID: 6552
Time Periods: 7
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 57
Section: 3H
In 1200, Innocent promulgated a decree that called for asset forfeiture, the medieval template of what modern justice does to drug smugglers. The property of heretics would be turned over to their persecutors, and blameless family members would be disinherited. Not only that, Innocent declared that the property of Catholics who refused to hunt heretics was also liable to seizure.
Quote ID: 6553
Time Periods: 7
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 57
Section: 3H
Papal letters in 1204, 1205, and 1207 to King Philip Augustus of France promised the monarch all of Languedoc if he would raise an army and put the land to the sword.
Quote ID: 6554
Time Periods: 7
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 60
Section: 3H
The Cathar story was about to take a final twist before the dogs of war were loosed.----
As Latin wordplay has it, they were the domini canes - the dogs of god.
Quote ID: 6555
Time Periods: 7
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 60
Section: 3H
Saints and heretics have the same problem: Their stories have been so distorted by biased biographers that their lives are obscured by lies.
Quote ID: 6556
Time Periods: 247
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 60
Section: 3H
...diplomatic missions to Denmark before finally heading to Rome in the winter of 1205-6 to meet with the pope. Innocent, ten years Dominic’s senior, recognized spiritual power when he saw it. He denied the Spaniards’ request that they evangelize the Baltic countries and ordered them to Languedoc instead.
Quote ID: 6557
Time Periods: 7
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 65
Section: 3H
It was Peter of Castelnau who brought these years of talking to a close, although not in the manner he intended.
Quote ID: 6558
Time Periods: 7
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 65
Section: 3H
He did this in front of a large gathering, thundering out the final flourish of his anathema: “He who dispossesses you will be accounted virtuous, he who strikes you dead will earn a blessing.” It was, historical consensus holds, an extraordinarily provocative act by Peter, which signaled an impatience with the campaign of preaching and debating.
Quote ID: 6559
Time Periods: 7
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 66
Section: 3H
A new excommunication ensued. All of Europe was invited to disregard him, to take whatever was his with the blessing of the pope.
Quote ID: 6560
Time Periods: 7
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 66
Section: 3H
On January 13, 1208, the talks broke off amid much acrimony. Peter left St. Gilles with his retinue, bound for Rome. Early the next morning, opposite Arles, Peter and his escort rode out to the ferry crossing of the Rhone. As they waited by the riverside, the irreparable occurred. An unknown horseman bore down on them and drove home a sword through Peter’s back.The legate of Pope Innocent III lay dead on the ground. The conversation was over.
Quote ID: 6561
Time Periods: 7
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 72
Section: 3H
Crusaders had been promised a full remission of their sins, a moratorium on their debts, and a transfer of Church funds into their pockets.
Quote ID: 6562
Time Periods: 7
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 72
Section: 3H
For the French northerners, the proximity of Languedoc was ideal for doing one’s “quarantine” - the forty days of military service necessary to earn a crusader’s indulgence - then returning home in time for harvest and hunt, happy in the knowledge that heaven’s gate had swung open for one’s soul. The warriors did not consider the intended victims of their crusade to be fellow Christians. Heretics were not Christians; they were heretics.
Quote ID: 6563
Time Periods: 7
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 72/73
Section: 3H
Third Crusade of Barbarossa and Richard Lionheart had failed. Instead, they ended up being mercenaries for the mariners of Venice, who had demanded such an extortionate fare for passage to Palestine that the knights could afford only to give payment in kind. This they did by spending the winter of 1202-3 besieging and sacking the Christian city of Zara, an Adriatic port that belonged to the Venetians’ commercial rival in the area. After Zara, the crusaders were taken by their shippers to Constantinople, which, by no coincidence, was Venice’s other principal maritime competitor. The crusaders saw a chance to salvage some respectability from their sorry meanderings by deposing the Greek Orthodox emperor and installing a Latin puppet in his place. First, however, they had to take the city, which they did in 1204 with vandalous panache, destroying more works of art and cultural treasures during their action than at any other time in the entire millennium of the Middle Ages. The orgy of rapine and robbery lasted three days and nights.
Quote ID: 6564
Time Periods: 7
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 73
Section: 3H
Such bloody sideshows had come to characterize crusades. Whenever a mass of people intent on violence and assured of salvation got together, neutral bystanders knew to get out of the way.
Quote ID: 6565
Time Periods: 7
Cathars: Perfect Heresy, The
Stephen O’Shea
Book ID: 261 Page: 73
Section: 3H
A feudal host was already sinister; one that had God on its side was downright diabolical. The crusade to Languedoc promised to be no different.
Quote ID: 6566
Time Periods: 7
Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance, The
John Hale
Book ID: 202 Page: 200
Section: 3H
Coming towards the educated public from so many directions, it is not surprising that antiquity became fashionable. Over baptismal fonts clergymen resignedly intoned such ‘Christian’ names as Julius Caesar, Camillus, Aeneas, Hector, Achilles, Flavia, Livia.
Quote ID: 4628
Time Periods: 6
Civilizations of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition of Medieval History, The
Norman F. Cantor
Book ID: 203 Page: 395
Section: 3H
The investiture controversy had shattered the early-medieval equilibrium and ended the interpenetration of ecclesia and mundus. Medieval kingship, which had been largely the creation of ecclesiastical ideals and personnel, was forced to develop new institutions and sanctions. The result, during the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries, was the first instance of a secular bureaucratic state whose essential components appeared in the Anglo-Norman monarchy.
Quote ID: 4697
Time Periods: 7
Civilizations of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition of Medieval History, The
Norman F. Cantor
Book ID: 203 Page: 417
Section: 3H
Since the death of Alexander III in 1181, the papal throne had been held by a succession of well-meaning but weak men who seemed to have been paralyzed into a state of immobility by the vast problems affecting the church as a consequence of the twelfth-century changes in learning, piety, and power. Papal leadership was becoming such a negligible factor in European life that the cardinals went to the other extreme in 1198. They chose the ablest member of the college of cardinals, Lothario Conti, who took the title of Innocent III (1198-1216). At the time of his accession Innocent was only thirty-seven years old, phenomenally young for a pope. Innocent III came from one of the leading families of the Roman aristocracy.
Quote ID: 4698
Time Periods: 7
Civilizations of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition of Medieval History, The
Norman F. Cantor
Book ID: 203 Page: 417
Section: 3H
He believed that “everything in the world is the province of the pope,” that St. Peter had been commissioned by Christ “to govern not only the universal Church but all the secular world.”
Quote ID: 4699
Time Periods: 7
Civilizations of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition of Medieval History, The
Norman F. Cantor
Book ID: 203 Page: 418
Section: 3H
The reforms that Innocent introduced all through his pontificate were summed up and confirmed by the decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, one of the three most important ecumenical councils of the Catholic church, the other two being the Council of Nicaea in 325 and the Council of Trent in the sixteenth century.
Quote ID: 4700
Time Periods: 7
Civilizations of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition of Medieval History, The
Norman F. Cantor
Book ID: 203 Page: 419
Section: 3H
Innocent greatly expanded the system of papal legates as a way of bringing the bishops of western Europe under closer control by Rome.
Quote ID: 4702
Time Periods: 7
Civilizations of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition of Medieval History, The
Norman F. Cantor
Book ID: 203 Page: 420
Section: 3H
The pontificate of Innocent III thus witnessed a general increase in the legal powers of the papacy as the high court of Christendom and the refinement of the legal institutions of the church.
Quote ID: 4703
Time Periods: 7
Civilizations of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition of Medieval History, The
Norman F. Cantor
Book ID: 203 Page: 421
Section: 3H
Accordingly, in 1199 Innocent levied the first general income tax on European churchmen for papal needs. Its great success made it the first of a variety of taxes levied by the thirteenth-century papacy on the clergy.
Quote ID: 4704
Time Periods: 7
Civilizations of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition of Medieval History, The
Norman F. Cantor
Book ID: 203 Page: 421
Section: 3H
By 1205 he had firmly established the authority in his own city. Since Rome lived largely off the business of the curia, it could not long withstand the demand of the pope to control its municipal government. Innocent had even greater success with the patrimony of St. Peter, and during his pontificate the papal states attained the dimensions that they retained until the middle of the nineteenth century.
Quote ID: 4705
Time Periods: 7
Civilizations of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition of Medieval History, The
Norman F. Cantor
Book ID: 203 Page: 422
Section: 3H
In 1212 Innocent recognized young Frederick II as king of Germany, after first extorting from Frederick the promise that he would abdicate as king of Naples and Sicily when he established his effective rule in Germany.
Quote ID: 4706
Time Periods: 7
Civilizations of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition of Medieval History, The
Norman F. Cantor
Book ID: 203 Page: 423
Section: 3H
Finally Innocent encouraged Philip Augustus to prepare for the invasion of England under the papal banner, and John, terrified that he would lose England to his great enemy as he had lost most of his continental possessions, abnegated himself before the pope. He not only accepted Langton as archbishop, but he became the pope’s vassal and made England the fief of the papacy. These sensational events seemed to demonstrate that no king could withstand for long the will of the papacy.Pastor John notes: John’s Note: Wow
Quote ID: 4707
Time Periods: 7
Civilizations of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition of Medieval History, The
Norman F. Cantor
Book ID: 203 Page: 423
Section: 3H
When the titanic northern princess arrived in France, Philip changed his mind and refused to accept her as his wife. The affair dragged on for years until Innocent became pope and adopted his accustomed drastic measures, including the leveling of a papal interdict on France that forced Philip to give way.
Quote ID: 4708
Time Periods: 7
Civilizations of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition of Medieval History, The
Norman F. Cantor
Book ID: 203 Page: 424
Section: 3H
The fourth crusade of 1204, which Innocent had proclaimed, had been turned by the Venetians from its initial aim of fighting the Moslems to the attack and capture of Constantinople. Innocent readily accepted the change in plans because he saw the Latin Kingdom of Constantinople as the means of bringing the Greeks back into union with the Latin church and under the authority of the papacy.
Quote ID: 4709
Time Periods: 7
Civilizations of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition of Medieval History, The
Norman F. Cantor
Book ID: 203 Page: 424
Section: 3H
The Albigensian crusade took on the qualities of a land grab. The northern barons, led by one Simon de Montfort, a lord from the Ile-de-France, indiscriminately attacked the heretics and the orthodox and perpetrated bloodbaths in the southern cities.
Quote ID: 4710
Time Periods: 7
Civilizations of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition of Medieval History, The
Norman F. Cantor
Book ID: 203 Page: 425
Section: 3H
The first and main aim of the court of Inquisition was to persuade and pressure defendants to confess and recant. For those who did so, on first offense, the normal penalty was mild. But those who refused to confess and who remained under suspicion of heresy and subversion of the Roman church were put to torture in Roman law’s traditional manner of getting at the truth.
Quote ID: 4711
Time Periods: 7
Civilizations of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition of Medieval History, The
Norman F. Cantor
Book ID: 203 Page: 426
Section: 3H
No one would claim that the Inquisitorial courts were liberal institutions. These courts used torture in the Roman manner, did not allow defendants to confront or often even to know the names of their accusers, sorely harassed and frightened people, and confiscated substantial property of the wealthy and high-born.
Quote ID: 4712
Time Periods: 7
Civilizations of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition of Medieval History, The
Norman F. Cantor
Book ID: 203 Page: 426
Section: 3H
The heretics were enemies of Christian civilization and had to be eliminated - by persuasion, if possible, or by force, if necessary. St. Augustine had propounded such a doctrine, and it became much more meaningful when the Latin church was confronted with the mass movement of popular heresy around 1200.
Quote ID: 4713
Time Periods: 457
Civilizations of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition of Medieval History, The
Norman F. Cantor
Book ID: 203 Page: 426
Section: 3H
Nothing, as Innocent said, was outside the province of the papacy, and he felt compelled to legislate not only on the matter of heretics, but on the treatment of the Jews. He forbade attempts to convert them to Christianity by force, but he advocated ghettoization- their exclusion as social pariahs from European society. The Fourth Lateran Council decreed that Jews should wear a yellow label so they could easily be distinguished as outcasts.
Quote ID: 4714
Time Periods: 7
Constantine’s Sword: The Church and the Jews
James Carroll
Book ID: 68 Page: 280
Section: 3H
As Frederick Barbarossa had emphasized his title as Holy Roman Emperor, Innocent III embraces the title Vicarius Christi, Vicar of Christ, marking a shift away from the traditional and, by comparison, modest emphasis on the pope as successor to Peter. {3} Innocent’s was an unprecedented claim to a place “between God and man, lower than God but higher than man, who judges all and is judged by no one.” {4}
Quote ID: 1858
Time Periods: 7
Constantine’s Sword: The Church and the Jews
James Carroll
Book ID: 68 Page: 282
Section: 3H
The legislation passed by the Fourth Lateran Council put in place the main elements of the Catholic culture as we know it. The seven sacraments, from baptism to extreme unction, were defined. The Eucharistic doctrine of transubstantiation, equating the communion bread with the real presence of Christ, was promulgated.
Quote ID: 1859
Time Periods: 7
Constantine’s Sword: The Church and the Jews
James Carroll
Book ID: 68 Page: 282/283
Section: 3H
It was Innocent’s council that first promulgated crucial Church resolutions designed to isolate, restrict, and denigrate Jews. What had until then been merely local indignities were now made universal. For example: “Jews and Saracens of both sexes in every Christian province, and at all times, shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from other people through the character of their dress.” {11} We can recognize here the precursor of the infamous yellow badge.
Quote ID: 1860
Time Periods: 7
Constantine’s Sword: The Church and the Jews
James Carroll
Book ID: 68 Page: 349
Section: 3H
“Nobody can be saved no matter how much he has given away alms and even if he has shed his blood in the name of Christ, unless he has persevered in the bosom and unity of the catholic church.” {14}
Quote ID: 1869
Time Periods: 7
Constantine’s Sword: The Church and the Jews
James Carroll
Book ID: 68 Page: 366/367
Section: 3H
Luther manifested a remarkable sympathy for Jews, and he even averred that Jews had been right to resist Catholic efforts to convert them. “If I had been a Jew,” he wrote in “That Jesus Christ Was Born a Jew,” “...I should rather have turned into a pig than become a Christian.” (15)
Quote ID: 1870
Time Periods: 7
In The Year 1096.
Robert Chazan
Book ID: 114 Page: 91
Section: 3H
The utterances assigned to the Jewish martyrs of 1096 are filled with a vituperative hatred of Christianity, its beliefs, and its symbols. This vituperation is not incidental; it is a key element in passionate Jewish rejection of Christianity. To accept a belief system that was in the eyes of these Jews essentially polytheistic was unthinkable. The Hebrew chronicles reverberate with the Jewish sense that the doctrine of the Trinity was nothing more or less than idolatry in a slightly altered guise. The martyrs are constantly depicted as “declaring the unity of the Divine Name,” thereby emphasizing the perceived gulf between Jewish monotheism and Christian polytheism.
Quote ID: 2716
Time Periods: 7
Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, The
Jonathan Riley-Smith
Book ID: 258 Page: 8
Section: 3H
It was common ground among historians that a crusade was a holy war, proclaimed by the pope on Christ’s behalf, the fighters in which, or a substantial portion of them, took vows of a special kind and enjoyed certain temporal and spiritual privileges, in particular the indulgence.
Quote ID: 6499
Time Periods: 7
Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, The
Jonathan Riley-Smith
Book ID: 258 Page: 9
Section: 3H
And in his The Crusades (first published in German in 1965 and in English in 1972) he defined the crusade narrowly as a ‘a war which is aimed at acquiring or preserving Christian domination over the Sepulchre of Our Lord in Jerusalem i.e. a clear-cut objective which can be geographically pinned down to a particular region’.
Quote ID: 6500
Time Periods: 7
Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, The
Jonathan Riley-Smith
Book ID: 258 Page: 15
Section: 3H
This constitutes perhaps the greatest mental adjustment which a modern observer must make when considering the central Middle Ages. Violence was everywhere, impinging on many aspects of daily life. Legal disputes, for instance, were often resolved by means of trial by battle or by recourse to painful and perilous ordeals. Around the time of the First Crusade it was becoming increasingly common for convicted felons to suffer death or mutilation, a departure from the traditional emphasis on compensating the victims or their families.
Quote ID: 6501
Time Periods: 7
Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, The
Jonathan Riley-Smith
Book ID: 258 Page: 15
Section: 3H
Brutality was so common it could be ritualistic. In about 1100, for example, a knight from Gascony prayed at the monastery of Sorde that God would enable him to catch his brother’s murderer. The intended victim was ambushed, his face was horribly mutilated, his hands and feet were cut off, and he was castrated. In this way his prestige, his capacity to fight, and his dynastic prospects were all irreparably damaged. Moved by feelings of gratitude for what he believed had been divine assistance, the avenging knight presented his enemy’s bloodstained armour and weapons as a pious offering to the monks of Sorde. These they accepted.
Quote ID: 6502
Time Periods: 7
Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, The
Jonathan Riley-Smith
Book ID: 258 Page: 18
Section: 3H,4B
What, then, was it about late eleventh-century Europe which made the First Crusade possible? One basic feature was the thorough militarization of society, a characteristic rooted in long centuries of development.
Quote ID: 6508
Time Periods: 7
Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, The
Jonathan Riley-Smith
Book ID: 258 Page: 24
Section: 3H
But by the 1090s an important and lasting start had been made. A consequence was that when Pope Urban launched the First Crusade he was able to mobilize the resources, enthusiasm, and communication skills of many individual clerics and religious communities, a body of collective support which had already grown sensitive to papal initiatives.
Quote ID: 6510
Time Periods: 7
Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, The
Jonathan Riley-Smith
Book ID: 258 Page: 26
Section: 3H
The First Crusade was therefore preached at a time when many lay people were sensitive to communal pressure, used to dwelling on their behavioural shortcomings, and convinced that their spiritual welfare depended on taking positive action.
Quote ID: 6511
Time Periods: 7
Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, The
Jonathan Riley-Smith
Book ID: 258 Page: 34
Section: 3H
These bands, led by men like Peter the Hermit and Walter Sans-Avoir, were the first to form and the first to depart, as early as spring 1096. Collectively, they are known traditionally as the People’s Crusade, but in reality they were essentially independent groups of the poor, lacking supplies and equipment, though some contained or were even led by knights. Streaming from northern France, the Low Countries, the Rhineland, and Saxony in particular, they sought to reach Constantinople, but many failed to get even that far.
Quote ID: 6512
Time Periods: 7
Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, The
Jonathan Riley-Smith
Book ID: 258 Page: 36
Section: 3H
They began to leave for the East in late summer 1096, gradually mustering at Constantinople later that year and in early 1097. Their long trek finally ended in success over two years later when Jerusalem fell to the crusaders on 15 July 1099. It had been an incredible journey. Against all the odds, and despite fearsome suffering and deprivation, especially during the ghastly protracted siege of Antioch in 1097-8, they had managed to liberate the Holy Places. It is no wonder that many contemporaries regarded it as miraculous.
Quote ID: 6513
Time Periods: 7
Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards, The
The Geoffrey Chaucer Page
Book ID: 275 Page: 1
Section: 3H
The First Conclusion: State of The ChurchWhen the Church of England began to dote in temporality after her stepmother, the great Church of Rome,
Quote ID: 6941
Time Periods: 5
Witchcraft in Europe, 400-1700: A Documentary History
Alan C. Kors and Edward Peters, eds.
Book ID: 344 Page: 351
Section: 3H
Junius was thus convicted and was quickly burned at the stake. But on July 24, 1628, Junius had smuggled out of prison a letter to his daughter, Veronica, in which he stated that everything he had confessed was the result of the unbearable torture inflicted upon him. So severely crippled were his hands that it took him several days to write the letter.
Quote ID: 7967
Time Periods: 7
Witchcraft in Europe, 400-1700: A Documentary History
Alan C. Kors and Edward Peters, eds.
Book ID: 344 Page: 351
Section: 3H
And this happened on Friday, June 30, and with God’s help I had to bear the torture…. When at last the executioner led me back into the prison, he said to me: “Sir, I beg you, for God’s sake confess something, whether it be true or not. Invent something, for you cannot endure the torture which you’ll be put to; and, even if you bear it all, yet you will not escape, not if you were an earl, but one torture will follow after another until even you say you are a witch….”
Quote ID: 7968
Time Periods: 7
Witchcraft in Europe, 400-1700: A Documentary History
Alan C. Kors and Edward Peters, eds.
Book ID: 344 Page: 353/354
Section: 3H
…some out of all offices and faculties must be executed: clerics, electoral councilors and doctors, city officials, court assessors, several of whom Your Grace knows. There are law students to be arrested. The Prince-Bishop has over forty students who are soon to be pastors; among them thirteen or fourteen are said to be witches. A few days ago a Dean was arrested; two others who were summoned have fled.The notary of our Church consistory, a very learned man, was yesterday arrested and put to the torture. In a word, a third part of the city is surely involved. The richest, most attractive, most prominent, of the clergy are already executed. A week ago a maiden of nineteen was executed, of whom it is everywhere said that she was the fairest in the whole city, and was held by everybody a girl of singular modesty and purity. She will be followed by seven or eight others of the best and most attractive persons…. And thus many are put to death for renouncing God and being at the witch dances, against whom nobody has ever else spoken a word.
To conclude this wretched matter, there are children of three and four years, to the number of three hundred, who are said to have had intercourse with the Devil. I have seen put to death children of seven, promising students of ten, twelve, fourteen, and fifteen. Of the nobles—but I cannot and must not write more of this misery. There are persons of yet higher rank, whom you know, and would marvel to hear of, nay, would scarcely believe it; let justice be done….
Quote ID: 7969
Time Periods: 7
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