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Dictionary of Roman Religion
Lesley Adkins and Roy A. Adkins

Number of quotes: 36

Book ID: 73 Page: 9

Section: 4B

animal, sacred There were no animals regarded as incarnate gods in the Roman period, except in Egypt.

....

There is no evidence that the animals themselves were worshipped.

Quote ID: 2027

Time Periods: 01

Book ID: 73 Page: 12

Section: 2E1

apex (Figs. 6, 32) (pl. apices) A close-fitting conical hat or cap worn by flamines and some other priests out of doors.

Quote ID: 2028

Time Periods: ?

Book ID: 73 Page: 14

Section: 2B2

Apollo Atepomarus The Celtic deity ATEPOMARUS was identified with the Greek god APOLLO in an inscription found at Mauvières, France.

Quote ID: 2029

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 14

Section: 2B2

Apollo Belenus The Celtic god BELENUS was identified with the Greek god APOLLO.

Quote ID: 2030

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 14

Section: 2B2

Apollo Cunomaglus The Celtic deity CUNOMAGLUS was identified with the Greek god APOLLO.

Quote ID: 2031

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 14

Section: 2B2

Apollo Grannus The Celtic god GRANNUS was linked with the Greek god APOLLO. Apollo Grannus was a god of healing who was known at Rome and over much of Europe.

Quote ID: 2032

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 14

Section: 2B2

Apollo Grannus Mogounus An apparent conflation of the Celtic gods GRANNUS and MOGOUNUS with the Greek god APOLLO. This god is known from an inscription found at Horburg, Germany.

Quote ID: 2033

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 14

Section: 2B2

Apollo Medicus (“Apollo the Physician”) A Roman god of healing who had temple at Rome.

Quote ID: 2034

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 14

Section: 2B2

Apollo Moritasgus The Celtic god MORITASGUS was linked with the Greek god APOLLO. A dedication found at a healing shrine and temple at Alesia, France, indicates that he was a god of healing.

Quote ID: 2035

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 14

Section: 2B2

Apollo Toutiorix The Celtic deity TOUTIORIX was linked with the Greek god APOLLO.

Quote ID: 2036

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 14

Section: 2B2

Apollo Vindonnus The Celtic god VINDONNUS was linked with the Greek god APOLLO.

Quote ID: 2037

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 15

Section: 2B2

Apollo Virotutis The Celtic god VIROTUTIS linked with the Greek god APOLLO. Virotutis probably means “benefactor of humanity.” Apollo Virotutis was worshipped in Gaul.

Quote ID: 2038

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 74

Section: 2E5

Febris A Roman goddess who was the personification of fever. She was greatly feared in Rome and had to be propitiated to prevent or cure fever. It is not certain whether she was a goddess of specific fevers, although some dedications to her indicated she was regarded as a goddess of malaria.

....

and she had three temples in Rome: on the Palatine Hill, on the Esquline Hill and at the head of the Quirinal Valley.

Quote ID: 2039

Time Periods: 0123

Book ID: 73 Page: 83

Section: 2B2

Fortuna Also known as FORS FORTUNA, this Roman deity was probably originally fertility goddess. She came to be identified with the Greek goddess TYCHE, and so was regarded more generally as a goddess of fate, chance and luck. She was sometimes identified with NORTIA, an Etruscan goddess of fortune.

Quote ID: 2040

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 83

Section: 2B2

Fortuna Augusta (Figs. 33a, b) An aspect of the goddess FORTUNA, referring to the fortune or

….

luck of the emperor. Several altars are known to have been dedicated to this deity.

Quote ID: 2041

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 84

Section: 2B2

Fortuna Balnearis (“Fortuna of the Baths”) Dedications to this aspect of the Roman goddess Fortuna are often found in military bathhouses in frontier areas. In these bathhouses, dedications to other aspects of the goddess, such as Fortuna Salutaris (“Fortuna of health and well-being”) and FORTUNA REDUX (“Fortuna the home-bringer”), are also found.

Quote ID: 2042

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 84

Section: 2B2

Fortuna Conservatrix (Fig. 34) (“Fortuna the Preserver” or “Fortuna Who Protects”).

Quote ID: 2043

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 84

Section: 2B2

Fortuna Equestris An aspect of the Roman goddess FORTUNA whose name means “Fortune of the equites” (equestrian class, knights).

Quote ID: 2044

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 84

Section: 2B2

Fortuna Huiusce Diei An aspect of the Roman goddess FORTUNA whose name means “Fortune of the Day” (i.e., “the present day” rather than “daytime”).

Quote ID: 2045

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 85

Section: 2B2

Fortuna Mala (“Fortune with a Beard”)

Quote ID: 2046

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 85

Section: 2B2

Fortuna Muliebris (“Fortune of Women”)

Quote ID: 2047

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 85

Section: 2B2

Fortuna Obsequens (“Indulgent Fortune”)

Quote ID: 2048

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 85

Section: 2B2

Fortuna Primigenia An aspect of the Roman goddess FORTUNA whose name means “Fortune the Firstborn,” probably referring to the cult of Fortuna at Praeneste and so meaning the “Original” or “First” Fortuna. There was a temple dedicated to this goddess on the Quirinal Hill in Rome, and she had a festival on November 13.

Quote ID: 2049

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 85

Section: 2B2

Fortuna Privata This aspect of the Roman goddess Fortuna was “Fortune of the Private Individual,” in contrast to FORTUNA PUBLICA.

Quote ID: 2050

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 85

Section: 2B2

Fortuna Publica (“Luck of the People”)

Quote ID: 2051

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 85

Section: 2B2

Fortuna Redux (Fig. 36) (“Fortune the home-bringer”) The earliest evidence for the worship of this aspect of the Roman goddess FORTUNA is the dedication of an altar to her in Rome by the Senate in gratitude for the safe return of the emperor Augustus to Rome in 19 B.C.

Quote ID: 2052

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 87

Section: 2B2

Fortuna Respiciens (“Provident Fortune”)

Quote ID: 2053

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 87

Section: 2B2

Fortuna Romana (“the Luck of Rome”)

Quote ID: 2054

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 88

Section: 2B2

Fortuna Virgo (“Fortune the Virgin”)

Quote ID: 2055

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: 88

Section: 2B2

Fortuna Virilis An aspect of the Roman goddess FORTUNA who was worshipped during the VENERALIA.

Quote ID: 2056

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: xv

Section: 2B2

This process is known as interpretatio Romana (literally, “Roman translation”).

Quote ID: 2025

Time Periods: 01

Book ID: 73 Page: xiv

Section: 2B2

There is also evidence that some festivals were in celebration of a deity who had been forgotten, and that another deity was later invented to account for the festival.

Quote ID: 2022

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: xiv

Section: 2B2

Sometimes one god is equated with (identified with) a god of another culture (such as Jupiter with Zeus.)

Quote ID: 2023

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: xiv

Section: 2B2

From earliest times, the Romans appear to have been quite willing to incorporate other peoples’ gods into their religion. In many cases, particularly when a large number of deities were already worshipped by the Romans, an alien god would be identified with an existing Roman god.

Quote ID: 2024

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: xvi

Section: 2B2

The state religion was not static, but developed alongside Roman society, largely by absorbing gods from other cultures, particularly from Etruria and the Greek colonies in Italy.

....

The state could intervene to introduce new state cults such as that of Magna Mater in 204 B.C. or to proscribe them (such as Bacchic rites in 186 B.C.). By the end of the republic, state religion was substantially different from that of early Rome because of the absorption of gods from other cultures.

Quote ID: 2026

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 73 Page: xiii

Section: 2B2

To add to this confusion, the Romans were not averse to inventing a new god to fit an occasion.

Quote ID: 2021

Time Periods: 0


End of quotes

Iron Kingdom Outline

  1. The Fact of the Transformation
    1. Scholars’ testimonies.
    2. Ancient testimonies.
  2. Religion
    1. Ceremonies.
      1. Baptism.
      2. Mass and Eucharist.
      3. Of Death or the Dead.
      4. Other Religious Acts.
      5. Origins of Christian Ceremonies.
      6. Rightness of Ceremonies.
    2. Monotheism/Sun Worship.
      1. Pre-trinity ideas.
      2. Blending of the gods.
    3. Religious titles and positions.
    4. Doctrines.
      1. Roman Primacy/ “Apostolic Succession”.
      2. Earth Mother/Mary.
      3. Evidence of true faith.
        1. Montanus.
        2. Other.
    5. Superstitions.
      1. Holy Objects.
      2. Asceticism.
      3. Holy Sites.
      4. Holy Times.
      5. The gods (or others) and Christian saints.
      6. Signs and Myths.
      7. Miscellaneous.
  3. Government
    1. Civic and Military.
      1. Making Law (general)
        1. People
        2. Property
      2. Coercion/Violence (general)
        1. People
        2. Property
      3. Civic Action (not holding office)
        1. Public works
        2. Public welfare
      4. Holding Public Office
        1. Religious
        2. Secular
        3. Military
    2. The Emperors to Constantine.
      1. The Barbarians.
      2. Miscellaneous.
    3. Constantine and the following years.
      1. Arius and the Trinity Controversy.
      2. Eusebius and Julian
    4. Theodosius and the following years.
      1. Trinity Issue.
      2. The Barbarians: Alaric, Clovis, etc.
    5. Justinian and the following years.
    6. Gregory and the following years.
    7. Charlemagne and the following years.
    8. The Crusades, the Inquisition, etc.
  4. Culture
    1. Philosophy.
    2. Cultural life.
  5. Miscellaneous
    1. Modern.
    2. Ancient.
    3. Pergamus.
    4. Miscellaneous Facts.
  6. Unassigned
    1. X.
    2. ?.

Iron Kingdom People

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  121. Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance
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  123. Constantine the Great
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  149. Druids, The
  150. Dynamic Monarchianism: The Earliest Christology?
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  152. Early Arianism: A View of Salvation
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  160. Early Medieval Europe 300-1000
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  165. Enemy Within, The
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  180. Everyman’s Talmud: The Major Teachings of the Rabbinic Sages
  181. Evocatio decorum as an Example of a Crisis Ritual in Roman Religion
  182. Facing East to Pray
  183. Faith and Fratricide: The Theological Roots of Anti- Semitism
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  185. Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians, The
  186. Final Pagan Generation, The
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  188. First Crusade: A New History, The
  189. First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325-787): Their History and Theology, The
  190. Fools and Foolishness
  191. Formation of Christendom, The
  192. Fragments of Melito of Sardis
  193. Fragments of Numenius of Apamea
  194. From Apostles to Bishops: The Development of the Episcopy in the Early Church
  195. From Irenaeus to Grotius: A Sourcebook in Christian Political Thought
  196. From Roman To Merovingian Gaul
  197. Furta Sacra: Thefts of Relics in the Central Middle Ages
  198. Galen on Jews and Christians
  199. Geoffrey of Monmouth: The History of the Kings of Brittain
  200. George Washington’s Rules of Civility Traced to Their Sources and Restored
  201. Gestures and Acclamations in Ancient Rome
  202. Gladiators
  203. God’s Bestseller
  204. God’s Secretaries - The Making of the King James Bible
  205. Gods and the One God
  206. Gods, Demons, and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia
  207. Great Leveler: Violence and History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century, The
  208. Great Medieval Heretics, Five Centuries of Religious Dissent, The
  209. Greatness that was Babylon, The
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  211. Greek Anthology, The, LCL 086: Greek Anthology V, Books 13-16
  212. Greek Folk Religion
  213. Gregory of Tours - The Merovingians
  214. Growth of Church Institutions, The
  215. Hadrian
  216. Harlot Church System: “Come out of her, My people”, The
  217. Heresies of the High Middle Ages
  218. Heretics and Scholars in the High Middle Ages 1000–1200
  219. Hesiod - Theogony Works and Days: A new translation by M.L. West
  220. Hippolytus, The Refutation of All Heresies, ANF 5
  221. Hippolytus: On the Apostolic Tradition
  222. Historical Atlas of the Celtic World, The
  223. History of Dogma
  224. History of Rome
  225. History of the Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770
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  227. History of the Franks
  228. History of the Inquisition, The
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  234. How the Irish Saved Civilization
  235. Hypatia of Alexandria
  236. Hyperides: Funeral Oration
  237. In The Year 1096. . . The First Crusade & The Jews
  238. Infamia: Its Place In Roman Public and Private Law [1894]
  239. Infant Dies after Baptism Ceremony
  240. Inferno of Dante, The
  241. Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the Christian Church, The
  242. Influence of Greek Ideas on Christianity, The
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  244. Inquisition
  245. Institutes of Gaius (c. 170 A.D.) Fourth Commentary, The
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  247. Irenaeus of Lyons On the Apostolic Preaching
  248. Irenaeus, Irenaeus Against Heresies , ANF, Vol. 1, Book 2
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  259. Journal of Early Christian Studies Volume 19 / Number 1 / Spring 2011
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  262. Journal of Early Christian Studies: Journal of the North American Patristics Society Volume 20 / Number 1 / Spring 2012
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  266. Justin Martyr, The First Apology of Justin, ANF, Vol. 1
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  270. Lactantius, The Divine Institutes, ANF, Vol. VII, pp. 9-223
  271. Lactantius, The Epitome of the Divine Institutes, ANF, Vol. VII, pp. 224-255
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  282. Legionary - The Roman Soldier’s (Unofficial) Manual
  283. Leo the Great and Gregory the Great, NPNF, Series , Vol. 12
  284. Letter of Arius to Eusebius of Nicomedia
  285. Letter of Eusebius of Caesarea to his church regarding the Nicene Creed
  286. Letter of the Council of Nicaea to the Egyptian Church
  287. Leviathan
  288. Lives of the Twelve Caesars, The
  289. Livy - The Early History of Rome, Penguin Classics Books 1-5
  290. Livy, History of Rome, LCL 114: Livy I, Books 1-2
  291. Livy, History of Rome, LCL 172: Livy III, Books 5-7
  292. Livy, History of Rome, LCL 396: Livy XIII, Books 43-45
  293. Lollard Bible and Other Medieval Biblical Versions, The
  294. Lollards of the Chiltern Hills: Glimpses of English Dissent in the Middle Ages, The
  295. Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew
  296. Lost Letters of Pergamum, The
  297. Lost Scriptures: Books That Did Not Make It into the New Testament
  298. Love Affairs of the Vatican, The
  299. Lucretius, On The Nature Of Things, LCL 181: Lucretius
  300. Making of a Christian Aristocracy, The
  301. Making of Late Antiquity, The
  302. Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church
  303. Mary Through the Centuries
  304. Material Evidence for Early Christian Groups during the First Two Centuries C.E.
  305. Medieval Latin Lyrics
  306. Medieval Popular Religion 1000-1500
  307. Medieval Saints: A Reader
  308. Medieval Sourcebook: Constantine I: Laws for Christians (from Eusebius, Church History , trans in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 2nd Series, ed. P. Schaff and H. W) http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/const1-laws2.html
  309. Meditations of Marcus Aurelius: A Practical Guide for Living in an Irrational World, The
  310. Minor Latin Poets, LCL 284: Minor Latin Poets I
  311. Minor Latin Poets, LCL 484: Minor Latin Poets II
  312. Minucius Felix, Octavius, LCL 250: Tertullian, Minucius Felix
  313. Mohammed and Charlemagne
  314. Monks Suffer in Silence As Drunk Parties On (Article)
  315. Montanist Inscriptions and Testimonia
  316. Monumenta Bulgarica
  317. Monumental Christianity Or The Art and Symbolism Of The Primitive Church
  318. Music and Worship In Pagan and Christian Antiquity
  319. Mysteries of Mithras: The History and Legacy of Ancient Rome’s most Mysterious Religious Cult, The
  320. Myth of Persecution: How Early Christians Invented a Story of Martyrdom, The
  321. Nag Hammadi Library, The
  322. Natural Symbols
  323. Nova Historia [New History]
  324. Oldest Church Manual, The
  325. Ordinary Saints at First Church, Christian History Journal/Magazine, pp. 18-20, Issue 57 (Vol. XVII, No. 1)
  326. Organization of the Early Christian Churches, The
  327. Origen Contra Celsum
  328. Origins of Modern Europe, The
  329. Orosius: Seven Books of History against the Pagans
  330. Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity
  331. Ovid, Metamorphoses, LCL 043: Ovid IV, Books 9-15
  332. Oxford Companion to the Year: An exploration of calendar customs and time-reckoning, The
  333. Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, The
  334. Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety
  335. Pagan Book of Days, The
  336. Pagan Christianity: The Origins of Our Modern Church Practices
  337. Pagan Rome and the Early Christians
  338. Paganism and Christianity 100-425 C.E. a Sourcebook
  339. Paganism in the Roman Empire
  340. Paganism to Christianity in the Roman Empire
  341. Pagans and Christians: Religion and the Religious Life from the Second to Fourth Century A.D.
  342. Painting the Word
  343. Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis 2nd. rev. ed. bks. 2&3. De Fide, The
  344. Papal Monarchy From St. Gregory the Great to Boniface Viii (590-1303), The
  345. Paradiso, The
  346. Part of an Edict Against Arius and His Followers (Online Source: Fourth Century Christianity Home)
  347. Patronage in Early Christianity
  348. Pentecostals Fundamentalists the Backgrounds of Belief
  349. Perfect Heresy - The Revolutionary Life and Death of the Medieval Cathars, The
  350. Pergamon - Citadel of the Gods
  351. Persian Empire, The
  352. Perspectives on History
  353. Perth Assembly
  354. Petrarch, Canzoniere
  355. Philosopher and the Druids (A Journey Among The Ancient Celts), The
  356. Pindar, LCL 056: Pindar I
  357. Pindar, LCL 485: Pindar II
  358. Plagues and Peoples
  359. Plato, Complete Works
  360. Plato, Timaeus, LCL 234: Plato IX
  361. Pliny, Letters and Panegyricus, LCL 059: Pliny II, Books 8-10
  362. Pliny, Natural History, LCL 418: Pliny VIII, Books 28-32
  363. Political Violence in the Roman Republic
  364. Politics of Munificence in the Roman Empire, The
  365. Polybius, Histories, LCL 138: Polybius III, Books 5-8
  366. Polybius, The Histories, LCL 128: Polybius 1, Books 1-2
  367. Pompeii: The Day A City Died
  368. Porphyrius The Charioteer
  369. Porphyry’s Against the Christians - The Literary Remains
  370. Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity: Towards a Christian Empire
  371. Praying Ad Orientem
  372. Priest and Bishop (Biblical Reflections)
  373. Prince, The
  374. Priscillian of Avila: The Occult and Charismatic in the Early Church
  375. Procopius, History of the Wars, LCL 107: Procopius III, Books 5-6.15
  376. Prokopios: The Secret History: With Related Texts
  377. Prophets and Gravestones: An Imaginary History of Montanists and Other Early Christians
  378. Purgatorio
  379. Religion and the American Civil War
  380. Religious History of the Roman Empire: Pagans, Jews, and Christians, The
  381. Religious Toleration And Persecution In Ancient Rome
  382. Rise of Western Christendom, The
  383. Roman Cult of Mithras: The God and His Mysteries, The
  384. Roman Empire, The
  385. Roman Oration, The
  386. Roman Social Relations
  387. Roman State and Christian Church: A Collection of Legal Documents to A.D. 535, Vol. 1
  388. Romans and Their Gods in the Age of Augustus, The
  389. Rome 1300: On The Path Of The Pilgrim
  390. Rome and the Barbarians (100 B.C. – A.D. 400)
  391. Rome in the Dark Ages
  392. Rome Triumphant How The Empire Celebrated Its Victories
  393. Sabbath and Synagogue
  394. Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes
  395. Sallust, The War with Catiline, LCL 116: Sallust I
  396. Sayings of the Desert Fathers, The
  397. Search for the Christian Doctrine of God, The
  398. Secret Archives of the Vatican, The
  399. Sentences of Sextus, The by Henry Chadwick
  400. Sentences of Sextus, The by Richard Edwards
  401. Severans: The Changed Roman Empire, The
  402. Shaker Image, The
  403. Shape of the Liturgy, The
  404. Signs & Symbols in Christian Art
  405. Sketches of Jewish Social Life (Updated Edition) Only Pictures
  406. Socrates Scholasticicus, The Ecclesiastical History, NPNF, Second Series, Vol. 2
  407. Spanish Inquisition, The
  408. Spirit of Prophecy Defended, The
  409. St. Paul’s Corinth - Texts and Archaeology
  410. St. Paul’s Ephesus - Texts and Archaeology
  411. Summa Theologica of St. Thomas Aquinas
  412. Tacitus, Histories, LCL 249: Tacitus III, Histories, Books 4-5
  413. Tertullian, Apology and De Spectaculis, LCL 250: Tertullian, Minucius Felix
  414. Tertullian, Latin Christianity, Its Founder, Apologetic, ANF, Vol. 3
  415. Tertullian, The Chaplet, ANF, Vol. 3
  416. Tertullian, The Prescription Against Heretics, ANF, Vol 3
  417. The Altar and the Direction of Liturgical Prayer
  418. The End of Montanism
  419. Theodora: Empress of Byzantium
  420. Theodosian Code, The
  421. Theodosius - The Empire at Bay
  422. Theophilus, Theophilus to Autolycus, ANF, Vol. 2
  423. Tibullus, Book II, Nemesis v.23, LCL 006: Catullus, Tibullus
  424. Turning towards the Lord; Orientation in Liturgical Prayer
  425. Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards, The
  426. Twelve Tables, The, LCL 329: Remains of Old Latin III
  427. Two Babylons, The
  428. Two Orations of the Emperor Julian
  429. Tyranny Display’d
  430. UK Statute Law Database: Submission of the Clergy Act 1533 (c. 19) Version 1 of 1 1533 c. 19 25_Hen_8, The
  431. Unam Sanctum
  432. Urban Religion in Roman Corinth
  433. Varro, On the Latin Language, LCL 333: Varro 1, Books 5-7
  434. Victory of Reason: How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism, and Western Success, The
  435. Victory Of The Cross, The
  436. Vigilantius and His Times
  437. Voting about God in Early Church Councils
  438. Way to Nicaea, Formation of Christian Theology, The, Vol. 1.
  439. Western Society And The Church In The Middle Ages
  440. When Religions Collide, Christian History, Issue 63 (Vol. XVIII, No. 3) pp. 26-27
  441. Why on Earth Did Anyone Become a Christian in the First Three Centuries?
  442. Why Rome Fell
  443. Witch Hunts in the Western World
  444. Witchcraft in Europe, 400-1700: A Documentary History
  445. Works of Philo, The
  446. World of the Celts, The
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