Caesars & Saints: The Rise of the Christian State, A.D. 180-313
Stewart Perowne
Number of quotes: 79
Book ID: 44 Page: 13
Section: 1A
“How did a pagan monarchy centered in Rome become transmuted into a Christian theocracy directed from Constantinople?”
Quote ID: 961
Time Periods: 4
Book ID: 44 Page: 14
Section: 3B
After the chaos of 235-285, in which there were twenty emperors and many other unsuccessful claimants to the throne, some speak of the “restoration” of the Empire, but the original state was not restored.“There have been many ‘restorations’ in history, but the last state has never been the same as the first.”
Quote ID: 962
Time Periods: 3
Book ID: 44 Page: 14/15
Section: 2B
But even before those chaotic years, which marked the end of the reign of the Severi, there were two critical differences from the Old Empire. First, beginning in 193, the army, quite openly, became the institution that made the Emperors. Second, this family of Emperors were not Romans, but Semites, sprung from the union of Punic and Syrian stock.Thus with these rulers of Eastern stock were the seeds planted for the transmutation of the empire from pagan to Christian. It was “a logical, organic process. It was a development, an evolution, not an explosion or a ‘new departure’.”
Quote ID: 963
Time Periods: 23
Book ID: 44 Page: 17
Section: 3B
Gibbon: the happiest period in human history: AD 96-180
Quote ID: 964
Time Periods: 2
Book ID: 44 Page: 24
Section: 1B
Virgil, argued by some to be “the noblest Roman of them all”, Dante’s exalted “master” and guide through the tortured trails of the Inferno, captured the true and abiding nature of the Old Roman Empire in his Aeneid (VI, 847-53, Dryden’s translation, 1697):Let others better mold the running Mass
Of metals, and inform the breathing Brass;
And soften into Flesh a Marble Face:
Plead better at the Bar; describe the Skies,
And when the stars descend, and when they rise.
But, Rome, ’tis thine alone, with awful sway,
To rule Mankind, and make the World obey;
Disposing Peace, and War, thy own Majestic Way,
To tame the Proud, the fetter’d Slave to free;
These are Imperial Arts, and worthy thee.
Rome envied not the Grecian mastery of artistic form and philosophy, but fed on them and made them hers. She marveled at the Mesopotamian command of the stars and time, not seeking to cover their wisdom in order to exalt herself; rather, she took that hidden wisdom into her bosom and gloried in those mysteries as happily as if she herself had discovered the secrets of the skies. Hers was not a mere craving for mastery of things, but for the ultimate earthly mastery: raw political mastery over men.
Quote ID: 965
Time Periods: 17
Book ID: 44 Page: 29
Section: 3A2A
After the Jewish rebellion of 133, they were forbidden upon penalty of death to enter the city of Jerusalem, or to gather for religious meetings, have schools, or circumcise their children. They were subject to forced labor, even on sabbaths. Later, they were allowed to circumcise but non-Jews were not allowed to do that as an act of conversion.
Quote ID: 966
Time Periods: 247
Book ID: 44 Page: 31
Section: 1A
[This is my paraphrase of Perowne!!]
In what is possibly the finest and most famous oration of its kind, Aristides, in 145, arrived on the 898th birthday of Rome to praise the city. Excerpts are given. Rome, he said, was a partnership, not a despotism. No geographic boundaries limited or defined its citizenship. “A civil community of the world has been established as a free republic under one man, the best, the ruler and teacher of order.”
Rome, he intimated, was an eternal city.
PJ: See also Cicero, On the Republic, LCL 213: Cicero XVI. Page: 213
Quote ID: 967
Time Periods: 12
Book ID: 44 Page: 33
Section: 2C
The word “pagan” was unknown in these times. It can only be used in a negative sense, indication what a man does not believe rather than what he does (p. 53).
Quote ID: 968
Time Periods: 234
Book ID: 44 Page: 40
Section: 3A4C
Christians from Cappadocia in the Roman army are credited with a miracle which saves the day (during Marcus Aurelius’s reign).
Quote ID: 969
Time Periods: 2
Book ID: 44 Page: 42
Section: 1B,3B
“With the death of Marcus Aurelius, the revered philosopher-king, the Old Rome came to an end.” In Dio Cassius’s [PJ: c. 155–c. 235] classic, and contemporary, history of this time, he concluded his last book covering the reign of the pitiable Marcus Aurelius (p. 33), with these stunning words, “Our history now descends from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust, as affairs did for the Romans of that day.”
Quote ID: 970
Time Periods: 2
Book ID: 44 Page: 45
Section: 3B
Commodus’s murder set the stage for the rest of Roman history, so far as emperors are concerned. From then on, 193, all emperors were chosen by the army.
Quote ID: 971
Time Periods: 2
Book ID: 44 Page: 46
Section: 3B
Pertinax murdered by the soldiers who made him ruler. Didius outbid the others for the throne. Septimius Severus wins the race of the generals for Rome.
Quote ID: 972
Time Periods: ?
Book ID: 44 Page: 54
Section: 2E4
“The death and resurrection of Attis, represented by a decorated tree rather like our Christmas trees . . . .”
Quote ID: 973
Time Periods: 0234
Book ID: 44 Page: 54/55
Section: 2D2,2E4,2E5
vis a vis Cybele, the Great Mother. “The image of the goddess was transported on a chariot amid the acclamations of the faithful, in a manner which seems to prefigure the veneration paid to the statue of Our lady in the streets of contemporary Seville during Holy week.”PJ Note: procession
Quote ID: 974
Time Periods: 047
Book ID: 44 Page: 55
Section: 2B1
an Egyptian triad: Isis, Serapis, and Horus, their son.PJ: Three in one.
Quote ID: 975
Time Periods: 047
Book ID: 44 Page: 55
Section: 2D2
The appeal of the worship of Isis in Rome was in part due to the magnificence of her rites. This was “to influence the practice of the Catholic Church.”
Quote ID: 976
Time Periods: 234
Book ID: 44 Page: 55
Section: 2D2
“When the veneration of the Virgin Mary as the Theotokos, or Mother of God, was introduced (about the time of the destruction of the Serapeum in 391), devotees of Isis were able to continue their worship of the mother-goddess merely by changing her name. In many cases the statues of Isis served as those of her successor-deity Mary.”
Quote ID: 977
Time Periods: 4
Book ID: 44 Page: 55
Section: 2E1
“The practice of suspending representations of healed body parts, as a demonstration of thanksgiving, the ceremonial burning of candles, even the monastic tonsure may all have been taken over by from the earlier faith.”
Quote ID: 978
Time Periods: 234
Book ID: 44 Page: 56
Section: 2B
Severans were connected with the sun god Homs (Syrian?).
Quote ID: 979
Time Periods: 23
Book ID: 44 Page: 56
Section: 2B
“Generally speaking, the Syrian deities were connected with the sun, or were regarded as being one with it. Thus, they were well on the road to monotheism.”
Quote ID: 980
Time Periods: 23
Book ID: 44 Page: 56
Section: 1A
In its final form, therefore, Roman religion was a good deal farther removed from the old pieties . . . than it was from Christianity.PJ Note: Connects with Quote ID 979.
Quote ID: 981
Time Periods: 4
Book ID: 44 Page: 58
Section: 1A
“Nothing approaching the administrative unity of the Catholic Church had ever existed before--except in the Roman state. Today, when the Roman empire is but ‘the shadow of a great name’, the Roman Catholic Church stands as the most efficient administrative machine in the world.”
Quote ID: 982
Time Periods: 4
Book ID: 44 Page: 59
Section: 1A
“When it comes to defining just what happened inside a soul which resulted in that soul’s becoming a Christian, we have no knowledge.”
Quote ID: 983
Time Periods: 1
Book ID: 44 Page: 62
Section: 2B
Mithras: proponent of the Unconquerable Sun as the supreme deity.
Quote ID: 985
Time Periods: 23
Book ID: 44 Page: 64
Section: 1A,3A,3A2
“for a society which depends for its existence on obedience, nothing can be more wicked than choice.”
Quote ID: 986
Time Periods: 14567
Book ID: 44 Page: 70
Section: 5C
“leaf of Pergamum” = parchment for writing.
Quote ID: 987
Time Periods: 0
Book ID: 44 Page: 70
Section: 5D
Sinaiticus our earliest manu. is 4th cent. So, 300 years gap.
Quote ID: 988
Time Periods: 4
Book ID: 44 Page: 80
Section: 2B
The temple at Baalbek, or Heliopolis, was made for the sun god, patron god of the emperor, of Syrian lineage.
Quote ID: 989
Time Periods: 23
Book ID: 44 Page: 83
Section: 1A,3B
“By the time of Septimius, not only were catholic belief and practice defined and established, but the church was formed and braced for the inevitable struggle with the pagan state. The most crucial period in the whole life of the church was to be the third century . . . because only in this century were efforts made not merely to punish Christians, but to root out Christianity altogether.”
Quote ID: 990
Time Periods: 3
Book ID: 44 Page: 85
Section: 2E1
in the early centuries, Christians never used the cross as a symbol of their faith.
Quote ID: 991
Time Periods: 147
Book ID: 44 Page: 86
Section: 4A
Justin set out to prove Christianity’s association and consonance with ancient Greek philosophy.
Quote ID: 992
Time Periods: 2
Book ID: 44 Page: 90
Section: 4A
“... far from there being an antagonism between Greek philosophy and Christian doctrine. . .” Clement felt that philosophy had prepared the Greek world for the gospel, just as the Hebrew scriptures had prepared the Jews for it.
Quote ID: 993
Time Periods: 2
Book ID: 44 Page: 91
Section: 4A
Tertullian in his Apology, makes the famous remark to the effect that every human souls by nature Christian.
Quote ID: 995
Time Periods: 2
Book ID: 44 Page: 92
Section: 4A
But Tertullian countered with the famed and penetrating question, “What has Athens to do with Jerusalem? What has the Academy to do with the Church? . . . . Away with all attempts to produce a philosophic Christianity! We want no curious disputation, once we have possessed Jesus Christ, no inquisition after receiving the gospel. When we believe we desire no further belief. For the first article of our faith is this: that there is nothing beyond this that we need believe.”
Quote ID: 996
Time Periods: 2
Book ID: 44 Page: 96
Section: 2A3
“Before leaving Alexandria, Septimius visited the tomb of Alexander the Great, its founder. Augustus had done the same, touching the face, and, it was said, breaking off a bit of the nose. Septimius --and this pre-Christian veneration of relics is not without interest--entered the monument, took away, as was his custom, any liturgical books which he thought might contain arcane lore, and then had the tomb sealed up, that he might be the last ever to view the features of so great a man.”
Quote ID: 997
Time Periods: 023
Book ID: 44 Page: 100
Section: 4B
typical lechery of leaders in Rome.
Quote ID: 998
Time Periods: 0123
Book ID: 44 Page: 109
Section: 2E3
“An ‘accidentally preserved notice of a flood at Edessa in AD 201 mentions the “temple of the Christians” as an important building’.”
Quote ID: 999
Time Periods: 3
Book ID: 44 Page: 110
Section: 2E3
gradually the houses in which the church met ceased to belong to an individual but to the church itself.
Quote ID: 1000
Time Periods: 34
Book ID: 44 Page: 110
Section: 2A3,4B
the catacombs were not “secret meeting places”. They were very public places, far outside the city walls, no one being able to get to them without being seen by the guards.PJ: Clubs
Quote ID: 1001
Time Periods: 0123
Book ID: 44 Page: 116
Section: 2B
“Roman religion was as easy-going as it was eclectic.” The “exotic boy-emperor” from the East, Elagabalus, decided to bring that attitude to an end. His was an especially filthy life. Only the army could have saved such a teen from swift assassination. But the disgust he aroused among Romans and even the part of the army that elevated him (he disbanded them), was brought to fever pitch by his religious dictates.
Quote ID: 1002
Time Periods: 3
Book ID: 44 Page: 116
Section: 2B
“Elagabalus decided . . . to rally mankind, and the Roman state, to the worship of one supreme god. . . . The measures he took hastened his overthrow.”
Quote ID: 1003
Time Periods: 23
Book ID: 44 Page: 116
Section: 2B
“Sun-worship was no new cult in Rome. Augustus himself in 23 BC had brought from heliopolis an obelisk of Rameses II, so old that Moses himself might have gazed upon it, and had it set up as an offering to the sun in Rome, where Tertullian, having viewed it as an especially remarkable symbol of idolatry. This obelisk, together with the original dedication, but now surmounted by a cross, is still to be seen in the center of the piazza del Popolo in Rome. The obelisk of Monte Citorio bears an identical inscription. The worship of the sun, therefore, was established and respectable--in its Roman form.”
Quote ID: 1004
Time Periods: 2
Book ID: 44 Page: 117/122/123
Section: 3B
Elagabalus adopted his cousin to be his successor. When murdered, Alexander became emperor, a quiet and chaste young man.. . . .
He [Alexander] had the Golden Rule engraved on the palace and on public buildings. He was very genial to Christians and Jews. He had a desire to build a temple to Christ, and to have the Senate recognize him as one of the gods of the Roman empire. Origen was brought to Rome. When conflict arose in the city between the Church of Rome and the guild of tavern-keepers over ownership of a building, Alexander resolved the matter thus: “Better that God be worshipped in any manner whatsoever in this place, than that it should be handed over to the tavern-keepers as a gift.”
. . . .
The reign of Alexander was “a threshold of a door of acceptance of Christianity by Roman society.
Quote ID: 1005
Time Periods: 3
Book ID: 44 Page: 124
Section: 3B
“The fifty years which separated Alexander’s and Constantine’s reigns “was to be the darkest and most disastrous that Rome had yet known.”
Quote ID: 1006
Time Periods: 34
Book ID: 44 Page: 127
Section: 3B
according to Eusebius, most of Alexander’s household were Christians.
Quote ID: 1007
Time Periods: 3
Book ID: 44 Page: 128
Section: 2E3
Origen speaks of burning Christian buildings.
Quote ID: 1008
Time Periods: 23
Book ID: 44 Page: 131/132
Section: 3B
murders follow murders for the empire. Philip the Arab murdered the aged but competent Gordian, though he pleaded for his life. Later, Philip showed great respect to the man he had murdered, even bidding the senate to proclaim Gordian to be numbered among the gods.
Quote ID: 1009
Time Periods: 3
Book ID: 44 Page: 132
Section: 3B,3C2
Philip, son of a sheikh, was a pure-bred Arab. He reigned over the millennial celebration of Rome. Considered to have been a just ruler, he is considered by some, on the fanciful testimony of Eusebius (134) and the comment of Jerome (134) and that of bishop Dionysius of Alexander (135), to be the first Christian emperor. His son was declared to be Pontifex Maximus.
Quote ID: 1011
Time Periods: 34
Book ID: 44 Page: 135
Section: 3B
It was apparently just a sensibility toward Christianity, as with Alexander before him. (Letters from Origen in his house, too.) Philip publicly was a pagan, presiding over secular games as became a good pagan emperor, and preserving the ancient religion of Rome. He was emperor when, on April 21, 248, the Rome celebrated its Millennial Anniversary. His toleration of Christianity was probably just a matter of good politics. (pp. 134-5 have good old quotes--Christian myths–concerning Philip.)
Quote ID: 1012
Time Periods: 3
Book ID: 44 Page: 137/138/139
Section: 3B
The Millennial celebration reactivated passions concerning the ancient religion. Decius’s persecution of Christians may have been a part of this pagan reaction against the infiltration of Rome by non-pagan Christianity.. . . .
The persecution was political. The Act of Supplication was imposed upon everyone, as an act of solidarity with the state. It was not their faith, but their unwillingness to conform to this Roman “Pledge of Allegiance”, which provoked the State’s wrath.
. . . .
Decius’s Edict: Every person, young and old, was to make a sacrifice “for the safety of the emperor”, with a “Certificate of Sacrifice issued to those who did. It was no more to Decius than a safeguard for society. The emperor’s object was not to rid the earth of Christians but to bring them in line with the rest of the citizenry (139).
. . . .
Two examples of Certificates of Sacrifice”.
PJ: Used middle quote only (p. 138, I assumed).
Quote ID: 1013
Time Periods: 3
Book ID: 44 Page: 140
Section: 3B
Thousands of Christians were tortured and executed by cruel means, until Decius died in battle against the Goths. Gallus succeeded him and later (p.141) started his own persecution.
Quote ID: 1014
Time Periods: 3
Book ID: 44 Page: 141
Section: 3B1
The Goths def. Gallus and took many captives, many of them Christians. “Knowing that these were persecuted by the Romans, the Goths treated them well, thus paving the way for their own conversion.”
Quote ID: 1015
Time Periods: 3
Book ID: 44 Page: 145
Section: 3B
Valerian persecuted Christians strongly – again for political and economic reasons, not theologic.
Quote ID: 1017
Time Periods: 3
Book ID: 44 Page: 157
Section: 2D1,3B
Paul of Samosota had been deposed for heresy by a council of the church and Domnus made bishop instead. Paul refused to accept the verdict. The church called upon the emperor, who had arrived in the east in a war against eastern provinces, for a judgment. It is significant that this took place, but Aurelian’s REASON for siding with Domnus is startling. Domnus, decreed the emperor, was the one recognized by the bishops “in Italy and Rome.” A step toward Roman primacy.
Quote ID: 1018
Time Periods: 3
Book ID: 44 Page: 157/158
Section: 2B
Aurelian dedicated to the sun god. His mother had been a priestess of his temple. He saw in the worship of the sun a hope of unity in the empire. He was a powerful ruler, restoring lands east and west--and south (Egypt).PJ NOTE: Aurelian 214–275.
Quote ID: 1019
Time Periods: 23
Book ID: 44 Page: 160/161
Section: 2B
Aurelian had ideas of uniting the empire religiously in an effort to unite the empire politically.. . . .
In Rome itself the Temple of the Sun was now raised. A college of priests was established. “Everything, in fact, was done to establish an official religion which should satisfy the demands of a movement towards monotheism which was now animating Roman paganism as much as the paganism of the orient.”
Quote ID: 1020
Time Periods: 23
Book ID: 44 Page: 161
Section: 2B
Of oriental perceptions of the gods of Aurelian’s time, Leon Homo wrote, “the separate divinities, Jupiter, Apollo, Mars, Sarapis, Attis, the Baals of the east, Mithras, all appeared more and more as so many incarnations, so many manifestations, of a higher deity, namely, the Sun.”
Quote ID: 1021
Time Periods: 23
Book ID: 44 Page: 161
Section: 4B
“Whereas for the Christian, politics must always be the servant of religion, for the pagan it is the other way around--religion must serve the ends of policy; and that is the fundamental cause of opposition of Christian and pagan polities.”
Quote ID: 1022
Time Periods: 1234
Book ID: 44 Page: 161
Section: 2B
Aurelian declared that the Sun was lord of the Roman Empire. As a corollary to this, he himself became the “god and lord born”. Though the process obviously started earlier, Aurelian’s reign marks the definitive end of the old Roman notion that the chief ruler was merely the “first citizen”.
Quote ID: 1023
Time Periods: 23
Book ID: 44 Page: 162
Section: 3B
Aurelian murdered. April, 276.
Quote ID: 1024
Time Periods: 3
Book ID: 44 Page: 163
Section: 2E2
At the same time, interest in monasticism exploded.
Quote ID: 1026
Time Periods: 23
Book ID: 44 Page: 164
Section: 2E2
St Anthony, “the first monk”, though hermits existed prior to him.
Quote ID: 1027
Time Periods: 34
Book ID: 44 Page: 165
Section: 1A,3B
Diocletian. 283 Last emperor of the old Roman, pagan, empire.PJ: Read earlier that Die Cassius said M. Aurelius was rthe end of old Rome. Everybody guessing.
Quote ID: 1028
Time Periods: 134
Book ID: 44 Page: 166
Section: 2C,3B
[USED this part] “The cardinal and most permanent achievement of Diocletian was his complete reorganization of the administration of the Empire – so cardinal and so permanent that to this day the Christian Church uses the very terms which Diocletian devised for his new structure.” examples: the provinces were grouped into twelve dioceses over each which set a vicar.
Quote ID: 1029
Time Periods: 34
Book ID: 44 Page: 166
Section: 3C
Diocletian dressed as a king, but it was left for Constantine to add a diadem to the costume.
Quote ID: 1030
Time Periods: 4
Book ID: 44 Page: 166
Section: 3B
Only a privileged few were admitted to the presence, and they must greet their emperor by kneeling and kissing the hem of his garment. Diocletian said this
Quote ID: 1031
Time Periods: 34
Book ID: 44 Page: 167
Section: 2E5
Diocletian claimed Jupiter (Jove) as his patron god (confirmation precursor). In his capital of Nicomedia, the Christian church was directly opposite his palace!
Quote ID: 1033
Time Periods: 34
Book ID: 44 Page: 167
Section: 2E6
Gallerius, one of his successful generals, wanted the army purged of Christians. Powerful friends encouraged Diocletian to agree. He had done well for 20 years without such persecution and saw no need for it. His wife and daughter were Christians. Finally, under much pressure, he decided to leave it up to an oracle of Apollo. Guess what.So, Diocletian agreed--if there would be no blood shed. After all, hadn’t Christians nullified the effectiveness of a recent sacrifice by making the sign of the cross on their breasts during the ceremony? Christians were outlawed.
Quote ID: 1034
Time Periods: 4
Book ID: 44 Page: 168
Section: 2E3
Christians basilica in Tyre described by Eusebius is the earliest description of a Christian building. It was built so that the rays of the morning sun could brighten the richly adorned sanctuary. The “presidents” sat on thrones, with benches for the congregation.
Quote ID: 1035
Time Periods: 4
Book ID: 44 Page: 169
Section: 3B
after two fires in his palace, and perhaps some slander, Diocletian lost his head. “a moderate who had been proved wrong”.
Quote ID: 1036
Time Periods: 34
Book ID: 44 Page: 169/170
Section: 3B
While Diocletian was sick, Gallerius issued a fourth Edict concerning Christians: on pain of death every person in the empire was to sacrifice to the gods of Rome. Diocletian chose not to oppose this man any longer and abdicated in 305. The first emperor ever to do so.
Quote ID: 1037
Time Periods: 34
Book ID: 44 Page: 170/171
Section: 3B
Incredibly horrible tortures were inflicted on Christians in the east. In the west, where Constantius ruled, it was not so. In 311, Gallerius was stricken with a disease and issued an Edict of toleration.
Quote ID: 1038
Time Periods: 4
Book ID: 44 Page: 172
Section: 3C
What Constantine accomplish “is an achievement without parallel in the recorded history of man.”
Quote ID: 1039
Time Periods: 4
Book ID: 44 Page: 174
Section: 2B
Constantine “had long been an adherent of monotheism, first as a worshipper of the sun god, and then with a more elevated belief in the divine spirit which governs the world, and of which the sun is but the symbol.”
Quote ID: 1040
Time Periods: 234
Book ID: 44 Page: 174/175
Section: 2E6
Eusebius claims that the emperor told him personally of the vision he had. The soon-to-be emperor was praying fervently for divine aid in the coming battle for dominion over the western empire, wrote Eusebius, when a sign appeared in the sky. “He said that about noon, when the day was already beginning to decline, he saw with his own eyes the trophy of a cross of light in the heavens, above the sun, and an inscription, conquer by this, attached to it.” Eusebius says the emperor told him the army saw it, too. Later, as he lay sleeping, “the Christ of God appeared to him with the sign which he had seen in the heavens, and commanded him to make a likeness of that sign which he had seen in the heavens, and to use it as a safeguard in all engagements with his enemies.”
Quote ID: 1041
Time Periods: 34
Book ID: 44 Page: 175
Section: 2E6
Another account of this experience (written by Lactantius within six years of the event), or as some would have it, an additional experience, says that near the Milvian bridge “Constantine was directed in a dream to mark the heavenly sign of God on the shields of his soldiers and thus to join battle. He did this as he was ordered, and with the cross-shaped letter X, with its top bent over, he marked Christ on the shields.”
Quote ID: 1042
Time Periods: 4
Book ID: 44 Page: 177
Section: 3C
Eusebius ends his Church History thus:“Constantine the most mighty victor, resplendent with every virtue that godliness bestows, together with his son Crispus, an emperor most dear to God in all respects like his father, recovered the East that belonged to them, and formed the Roman Empire, as in the days of old, into a single united whole, bringing under their peaceful rule all of it. . . . Thus verily, when all tyranny had been purged away, the kingdom that belonged to them was preserved steadfast and undisputed for Constantine and his sons alone, who when they had made it their very first action to cleanse the world from the hatred of God, . . . displayed their love of virtue and of God . . . by their manifest deeds in sight of all men.”
Quote ID: 1043
Time Periods: 4
Book ID: 44 Page: 177
Section: 3C
“The old age perished at the Milvian Bridge, and a new Christian age began.”
Quote ID: 1044
Time Periods: 4
Book ID: 44 Page: 177
Section: 3C
Constantine “was a convinced and sincere Christian.”
Quote ID: 1045
Time Periods: 4
End of quotes