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Mithras: Roman Cult of Mithras: The God and His Mysteries, The
Manfred Clauss

Number of quotes: 14

Book ID: 389 Page: 9

Section: 4B

In Greek popular tradition, a god differed from a human in being immortal, and endowed with superhuman powers, which bestowed that immortality: human beings were in fact mortal gods, a god an immortal human. The cleft between god and human was not unbridgeable, and could indeed be bridged by every mortal.

Quote ID: 8340

Time Periods: 0

Book ID: 389 Page: 13

Section: 2B

The celestial and solar divinities of the East were crucial in the shift towards belief in a supreme deity. This belief, by which the Sun, a male god both in Greek (Helois) and in Latin (Sol), was promoted to an all-powerful godhead whose life-giving power extended throughout the universe, became fused with the monotheistic tendencies of rationalist philosophy. And so it was that in the course of the Principate a solar pantheism – the idea that the Sun is all-powerful, and that Sol comprehends most gods – spread all over the Roman world.

Quote ID: 8341

Time Periods: 2

Book ID: 389 Page: 13

Section: 3C

Constantine commissioned astrologers to work out their most favourable juncture for the foundation of his new capital, Constantinople.

Quote ID: 8342

Time Periods: 4

Book ID: 389 Page: 59

Section: 2B

The ‘handshake’ of Mithras and Sol is here connected with the sacrifice of the bull….

*John’s note: See page 42 called “the hand-shaken”.*

This spot is blessed, holy, observant and bounteous:

Mithras marked it, and made known to

Proficentius, Father of the mysteries,

That he should build and dedicate a Cave to him;

And he has accomplished swiftly, tirelessly, this dear task

That under such protection he began, desirous

That the Hand-shaken might make their vows joyfully forever.

Quote ID: 8343

Time Periods: 234

Book ID: 389 Page: 61

Section: 2B,2E4

…the cult of Mithras had no public ceremonial of its own. The festival of the natalis Invicti, 25 December, was a public festival of the Sun and thus by no means limited to the mysteries of Mithras.

Quote ID: 8344

Time Periods: 234

Book ID: 389 Page: 62

Section: 2B

The inscriptions confirm this nomenclature: one even reads: D(eo) O(mnipotenti) S(oli) Invi(cto), Deo Genitori, r(upe) n(ato), ‘To the almighty God Sun invincible, generative god, born from the rock’. {78} Mithras is here invoked as the all-powerful, invincible sun-god, as creator-god, and as rock-born.

Quote ID: 8345

Time Periods: 234

Book ID: 389 Page: 66

Section: 2E4

Light comes from the firmament, Mithras is the god of light, the new light which bursts forth each morning from the vault of heaven behind the mountains, and whose birthday is celebrated on 25 December. A late antique Syriac commentator describes this festival, and correctly observes that it later developed into the birthday of Christ:

It was in fact customary among the pagans to celebrate the festival of the Sun’s birthday on 25 December and to light bonfires in honour of the day. They even used to invite the Christian population to these rites. But when the teachers of the Church realized that Christians were allowing themselves to take part, they decided to observe the Feast of the true Birth on the same day. {80}

Quote ID: 8346

Time Periods: 234

Book ID: 389 Page: 146

Section: 2B

Roman Mithras is the invincible sun-god, Sol Invictus.

Quote ID: 8349

Time Periods: 234

Book ID: 389 Page: 148

Section: 2B1,3D1

Mithras is Sol, and at the same time Sol is Mithras’ companion. Paradoxical relationships of this kind are to be found between many deities in antiquity. People in the ancient world did not feel bound by fixed credos and confessions which had to be consistent to the last detail: in the area of religion, a truly blessed anarchy held sway. For that reason, we should not attempt to marshal the relationship between Mithras and Sol and their various exchanges into what we, with our knowledge and epistemological assumptions, would consider a strictly logical system. Perhaps we should not even assume that such a thing ever existed in antiquity. {159}

Quote ID: 8351

Time Periods: 234

Book ID: 389 Page: 168

Section: 2B

This long controversy was sparked off by a stimulated remark of Ernest Renan, in his book on the cultural history of the later Principate: ‘If Christianity had been arrested in its growth by some fatal malady, the world would have become Mithraist.’ {177}

*John’s note: an exaggeration, maybe, because Mithraism was not evangelistic*

Quote ID: 8352

Time Periods: 234

Book ID: 389 Page: 170

Section: 2A1,3A2B

Under the successors of the Emperor Julian (361-3), there began a sharp and bloody persecution of all pagan cults, which also brought about the extermination of Mithraism. Around 400, Jerome, the translator of the so-called Vulgate version of the Bible, wrote a letter to a Christian woman named Laeta in which he praises the praefectus Urbi of the year 376/7:

"Did not your kinsman Gracchus, whose name recalls his patrician rank, destroy a cave of Mithras a few years ago when he was prefect of Rome? Did he not break up and burn all the monstrous images there?...Did he not send them before him as hostages, and gain for himself baptism in Christ?"

Quote ID: 8353

Time Periods: 45

Book ID: 389 Page: 171

Section: 2B

The cult of Mithras disappeared earlier than that of Isis, for example, and, unlike her, almost without trace. Isis survived in legend, and was known still in the Middle Ages as a pagan deity, whereas Mithras was already forgotten in late antiquity.

Quote ID: 8354

Time Periods: 45

Book ID: 389 Page: 171/172

Section: 3A2A

It is impossible to compare the attractiveness of different cults in the fourth century. We should not depreciate the power of the Christian story, the rituals and the practical altruism of Christianity. But, equally, it is difficult to gauge the part played by such consideration in the success of that religion by comparison with the emperors’ political ruthlessness, the many different kinds of oppression, or the violent incidents by means of which it came to be victorious in the late fourth century.

On the other hand, for many Mithraists, it may only have taken slight pressure to induce them to rally to Christianity: some of them had after all shared burial grounds with Christians in Rome during the fourth century. {182}

Quote ID: 8355

Time Periods: 4

Book ID: 389 Page: 172

Section: 2A4,2B

Moreover, the similarities between the two religions adduced above must have encouraged Mithraists in particular to become Christians. They had no need in their new faith to give up the ritual meal, their Sun-imagery, or even their candles, incense and bells. Some elements of Mithraism may well have been carried over into Christianity, which partly explains why even in the sixth century the Church authorities had to struggle against those stulti homines, those simple clowns, who continued on the very church-steps to do obeisance to the Sun early in the morning, as they always had done, and pray to him. {183}

Quote ID: 8356

Time Periods: 2345


End of quotes

Iron Kingdom Outline

  1. The Fact of the Transformation
    1. Scholars’ testimonies.
    2. Ancient testimonies.
  2. Religion
    1. Ceremonies.
      1. Baptism.
      2. Mass and Eucharist.
      3. Of Death or the Dead.
      4. Other Religious Acts.
      5. Origins of Christian Ceremonies.
      6. Rightness of Ceremonies.
    2. Monotheism/Sun Worship.
      1. Pre-trinity ideas.
      2. Blending of the gods.
    3. Religious titles and positions.
    4. Doctrines.
      1. Roman Primacy/ “Apostolic Succession”.
      2. Earth Mother/Mary.
      3. Evidence of true faith.
        1. Montanus.
        2. Other.
    5. Superstitions.
      1. Holy Objects.
      2. Asceticism.
      3. Holy Sites.
      4. Holy Times.
      5. The gods (or others) and Christian saints.
      6. Signs and Myths.
      7. Miscellaneous.
  3. Government
    1. Civic and Military.
      1. Making Law (general)
        1. People
        2. Property
      2. Coercion/Violence (general)
        1. People
        2. Property
      3. Civic Action (not holding office)
        1. Public works
        2. Public welfare
      4. Holding Public Office
        1. Religious
        2. Secular
        3. Military
    2. The Emperors to Constantine.
      1. The Barbarians.
      2. Miscellaneous.
    3. Constantine and the following years.
      1. Arius and the Trinity Controversy.
      2. Eusebius and Julian
    4. Theodosius and the following years.
      1. Trinity Issue.
      2. The Barbarians: Alaric, Clovis, etc.
    5. Justinian and the following years.
    6. Gregory and the following years.
    7. Charlemagne and the following years.
    8. The Crusades, the Inquisition, etc.
  4. Culture
    1. Philosophy.
    2. Cultural life.
  5. Miscellaneous
    1. Modern.
    2. Ancient.
    3. Pergamus.
    4. Miscellaneous Facts.
  6. Unassigned
    1. X.
    2. ?.

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  316. Monumenta Bulgarica
  317. Monumental Christianity Or The Art and Symbolism Of The Primitive Church
  318. Music and Worship In Pagan and Christian Antiquity
  319. Mysteries of Mithras: The History and Legacy of Ancient Rome’s most Mysterious Religious Cult, The
  320. Myth of Persecution: How Early Christians Invented a Story of Martyrdom, The
  321. Nag Hammadi Library, The
  322. Natural Symbols
  323. Nova Historia [New History]
  324. Oldest Church Manual, The
  325. Ordinary Saints at First Church, Christian History Journal/Magazine, pp. 18-20, Issue 57 (Vol. XVII, No. 1)
  326. Organization of the Early Christian Churches, The
  327. Origen Contra Celsum
  328. Origins of Modern Europe, The
  329. Orosius: Seven Books of History against the Pagans
  330. Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity
  331. Ovid, Metamorphoses, LCL 043: Ovid IV, Books 9-15
  332. Oxford Companion to the Year: An exploration of calendar customs and time-reckoning, The
  333. Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, The
  334. Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety
  335. Pagan Book of Days, The
  336. Pagan Christianity: The Origins of Our Modern Church Practices
  337. Pagan Rome and the Early Christians
  338. Paganism and Christianity 100-425 C.E. a Sourcebook
  339. Paganism in the Roman Empire
  340. Paganism to Christianity in the Roman Empire
  341. Pagans and Christians: Religion and the Religious Life from the Second to Fourth Century A.D.
  342. Painting the Word
  343. Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis 2nd. rev. ed. bks. 2&3. De Fide, The
  344. Papal Monarchy From St. Gregory the Great to Boniface Viii (590-1303), The
  345. Paradiso, The
  346. Part of an Edict Against Arius and His Followers (Online Source: Fourth Century Christianity Home)
  347. Patronage in Early Christianity
  348. Pentecostals Fundamentalists the Backgrounds of Belief
  349. Perfect Heresy - The Revolutionary Life and Death of the Medieval Cathars, The
  350. Pergamon - Citadel of the Gods
  351. Persian Empire, The
  352. Perspectives on History
  353. Perth Assembly
  354. Petrarch, Canzoniere
  355. Philosopher and the Druids (A Journey Among The Ancient Celts), The
  356. Pindar, LCL 056: Pindar I
  357. Pindar, LCL 485: Pindar II
  358. Plagues and Peoples
  359. Plato, Complete Works
  360. Plato, Timaeus, LCL 234: Plato IX
  361. Pliny, Letters and Panegyricus, LCL 059: Pliny II, Books 8-10
  362. Pliny, Natural History, LCL 418: Pliny VIII, Books 28-32
  363. Political Violence in the Roman Republic
  364. Politics of Munificence in the Roman Empire, The
  365. Polybius, Histories, LCL 138: Polybius III, Books 5-8
  366. Polybius, The Histories, LCL 128: Polybius 1, Books 1-2
  367. Pompeii: The Day A City Died
  368. Porphyrius The Charioteer
  369. Porphyry’s Against the Christians - The Literary Remains
  370. Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity: Towards a Christian Empire
  371. Praying Ad Orientem
  372. Priest and Bishop (Biblical Reflections)
  373. Prince, The
  374. Priscillian of Avila: The Occult and Charismatic in the Early Church
  375. Procopius, History of the Wars, LCL 107: Procopius III, Books 5-6.15
  376. Prokopios: The Secret History: With Related Texts
  377. Prophets and Gravestones: An Imaginary History of Montanists and Other Early Christians
  378. Purgatorio
  379. Religion and the American Civil War
  380. Religious History of the Roman Empire: Pagans, Jews, and Christians, The
  381. Religious Toleration And Persecution In Ancient Rome
  382. Rise of Western Christendom, The
  383. Roman Cult of Mithras: The God and His Mysteries, The
  384. Roman Empire, The
  385. Roman Oration, The
  386. Roman Social Relations
  387. Roman State and Christian Church: A Collection of Legal Documents to A.D. 535, Vol. 1
  388. Romans and Their Gods in the Age of Augustus, The
  389. Rome 1300: On The Path Of The Pilgrim
  390. Rome and the Barbarians (100 B.C. – A.D. 400)
  391. Rome in the Dark Ages
  392. Rome Triumphant How The Empire Celebrated Its Victories
  393. Sabbath and Synagogue
  394. Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes
  395. Sallust, The War with Catiline, LCL 116: Sallust I
  396. Sayings of the Desert Fathers, The
  397. Search for the Christian Doctrine of God, The
  398. Secret Archives of the Vatican, The
  399. Sentences of Sextus, The by Henry Chadwick
  400. Sentences of Sextus, The by Richard Edwards
  401. Severans: The Changed Roman Empire, The
  402. Shaker Image, The
  403. Shape of the Liturgy, The
  404. Signs & Symbols in Christian Art
  405. Sketches of Jewish Social Life (Updated Edition) Only Pictures
  406. Socrates Scholasticicus, The Ecclesiastical History, NPNF, Second Series, Vol. 2
  407. Spanish Inquisition, The
  408. Spirit of Prophecy Defended, The
  409. St. Paul’s Corinth - Texts and Archaeology
  410. St. Paul’s Ephesus - Texts and Archaeology
  411. Summa Theologica of St. Thomas Aquinas
  412. Tacitus, Histories, LCL 249: Tacitus III, Histories, Books 4-5
  413. Tertullian, Apology and De Spectaculis, LCL 250: Tertullian, Minucius Felix
  414. Tertullian, Latin Christianity, Its Founder, Apologetic, ANF, Vol. 3
  415. Tertullian, The Chaplet, ANF, Vol. 3
  416. Tertullian, The Prescription Against Heretics, ANF, Vol 3
  417. The Altar and the Direction of Liturgical Prayer
  418. The End of Montanism
  419. Theodora: Empress of Byzantium
  420. Theodosian Code, The
  421. Theodosius - The Empire at Bay
  422. Theophilus, Theophilus to Autolycus, ANF, Vol. 2
  423. Tibullus, Book II, Nemesis v.23, LCL 006: Catullus, Tibullus
  424. Turning towards the Lord; Orientation in Liturgical Prayer
  425. Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards, The
  426. Twelve Tables, The, LCL 329: Remains of Old Latin III
  427. Two Babylons, The
  428. Two Orations of the Emperor Julian
  429. Tyranny Display’d
  430. UK Statute Law Database: Submission of the Clergy Act 1533 (c. 19) Version 1 of 1 1533 c. 19 25_Hen_8, The
  431. Unam Sanctum
  432. Urban Religion in Roman Corinth
  433. Varro, On the Latin Language, LCL 333: Varro 1, Books 5-7
  434. Victory of Reason: How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism, and Western Success, The
  435. Victory Of The Cross, The
  436. Vigilantius and His Times
  437. Voting about God in Early Church Councils
  438. Way to Nicaea, Formation of Christian Theology, The, Vol. 1.
  439. Western Society And The Church In The Middle Ages
  440. When Religions Collide, Christian History, Issue 63 (Vol. XVIII, No. 3) pp. 26-27
  441. Why on Earth Did Anyone Become a Christian in the First Three Centuries?
  442. Why Rome Fell
  443. Witch Hunts in the Western World
  444. Witchcraft in Europe, 400-1700: A Documentary History
  445. Works of Philo, The
  446. World of the Celts, The
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